First Law & Work in Reversible Expansion
Reversible isothermal expansion work: w = -2.303 nRT log(V₂/V₁). Since ΔT = 0, internal energy change ΔU = 0.
Grade 11th · Chemistry · Thermodynamics
Chemical Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy: Concept Maps & Flashcard Summary
Visual conceptual synthesis, memory mnemonics, quick-review flashcards, and rapid recall summaries. covering Chemical Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy for Class 11th Chemistry.
Science StreamAdvanced Level
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Essential Formulas & Mathematical Definitions
ΔU = q + w (w = -Pext ΔV)
ΔH = ΔU + Δng RT
ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS
ΔG° = -2.303 RT log K
Gibbs Free Energy & Spontaneity
Reactions are spontaneous when ΔG < 0. Exothermic reactions (ΔH < 0) with entropy increase (ΔS > 0) are spontaneous at all temperatures.
Thermodynamics — Concept Maps & Flashcard Summary
Detailed educational reference for Chemical Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy. Designed for Class 11th students preparing for board exams and competitive entrance tests.
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Exam Day Revision & Problem Solving Checklist
- ✓Calculate Δng = moles of gaseous products - moles of gaseous reactants
- ✓Apply Hess's Law of constant heat summation
- ✓Review Concept Maps & Flashcard Summary before tackling multi-step practice questions
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High-Yield Exam Strategy & Scoring Tips
Step-by-Step Mark Allocation
Always state the governing principle or formula first, write given values with standard SI units, substitute clearly, and highlight the final numerical answer with units in a box for full step marking.
Common Calculation Traps
Watch for unit prefixes (cm to m, minutes to seconds, g to kg, degrees to radians). In coordinate and ray optics problems, double-check Cartesian sign conventions before computing.
Recommended Practice & Calculation Tools
Test your understanding and perform instant calculations with these free online utilities.
Chemistry Molar Mass & Solution Molarity Calculator
Find molecular mass from chemical formulas (H2SO4, NaCl, C6H12O6) and calculate solution concentration and dilution.
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Frequently Asked Exam Questions & Concept Clarifications
Can an endothermic reaction (ΔH > 0) be spontaneous?
Yes, provided entropy increase (ΔS > 0) is large enough and temperature T is high such that TΔS > ΔH, making ΔG < 0.